COPD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

COPD - Essay Example From this study it is clear that to understand this condition, it is vital to revisit the mechanism of gaseous exchange as a process keeping in mind the paths through which the gases inhaled or exhaled flow through. Physical examinatonn is the process by which a researcher uses their senses to gather and collect data that is objective to the research that they are doing. It is a very important step in the treatment and caring of COPD patients. For this process to be successful, the researcher has to have good assessment skills that will ensure that the physical examination is successful. Before the beginning of the research, the researcher has to define the normal findings so that incase an abnormal findings occur, the researcher is fast in noticing. The history of the patient that is being examined is also very important. There are four main approaches to physical assessment. This is inspection, percussion, palpation and ausculatation. Inspection approach is one of the preliminary s tages for this assessment and involves patients being checked in an overall manner so that the health care professional can detect any abnormalities. This process is very critical and should never be skipped as it ensures that a strong base is set for the assessment. Palpation is the process where the professional uses his/her hand to make an inspection on the patient. This has one major limitation that the professional has to be very experienced in the palpation process otherwise wrong results would be given. Percussion follows and the professional taps the area that is affected to hear the sounds that comes out. It also needs a lot of experience. Auscultation s the process where the stethoscope and listens to the various sounds that are made by the affected parts. This has one major advantage that it does not require a lot of knowledge and experience to write. A research done by Edmunds to find out the effectiveness of various physical assessments was done in 2007. According to th e study the main aim of the research was to find out the best approaches to use in physical assessments. The research found out that there were very many setbacks for this assessments and that there were many corrections that are needed in this field. The main correction that needs to be done are on the palpation stages. This is because most of the professionals performing this action are not qualified for this and as a result, they give out wrong information. The most important communication skill that the research proposes is best for physical assessment is assertiveness and proper listening skills. This ensures that the professional detects different conditions that are affecting the patients. Communication skills are also vital to the treatments of COP. Being assertive is one of the communicative skills that are necessary for the health professional to have During the inspection of inhalation of air by the patient, the gaseous mixture accompanied by the aforesaid pollutants pass through to the wind pipe downward to the bronchiole tubes.  

Marlboro cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Marlboro cigarettes Essay Marlboro cigarettes has not responded to the importance of Social responsible by developing and implementing socially responsible, sustainable, strategies and practices. Although Marlboro was directed by law makers and authorities to take actions in order to limit their marketing strategies and define measures to reduce sale of cigarettes to teenagers, but so far, the company has not been able to take any concrete step or action regarding these directives. Although the company plans to implement one of the worlds largest marketing plans in line with corporate social responsibility, however, nothing practical has been to date. Introduction The purpose of this report is to basically look upon to the matter of corporate social responsibility hat tobacco companies have towards the environment and the consumer. For this report, we will specifically target Marlboro, a renowned cigarette brand that is marketed by Phillip Morris. In this report we will see what Phillip Morris has done in order to assume, realize and act upon its corporate social responsibility along with the argument on areas where it still does needs to work in order to assume its responsibility to the fullest. The report will start with a brief introduction of the company, Phillip Morris, followed by a brief paragraph of information on how bad is smoking for health and what are the diseases that generate in a human body due to smoking. Phillip Morris Phillip Morris is an international company that markets tobacco products, mainly cigarettes in over 160 countries worldwide. The share of this company in the international market extends to 15. 6% outside America which makes it one of the biggest tobacco marketing companies around the world. With revenues shooting up to 22. 8 billion dollars, Phillip Morris employs over 80000 employees around the world. Marlboro is one of the major brands that are marketed by the company along with LM, Phillip Morris, Morven Gold and Virginia Slims. However, of all major brands mentioned above, Marlboro is world best selling cigarette brand with customers all over the world. Besides being the best tobacco marketing company in the world, Phillip Morris is also the world’s third best company with respect to profitability in international consumer goods category (Bianco 2003). Marlboro has over 23 different verities of cigarettes under its brand in order to cater to different customers with different tastes and preferences. Marlboro is also one of the brands which spend huge amounts of money for its sponsorships and advertisements as it is evident by the fact that it sponsors one of the most expensive motor sport events along with brands like Mercedes, Ferrari, McLaren and BMW. Smoking Injurious to Health Around 1. 1 billion people around the world smoke daily which include one third of the entire adult population of the world. Other then US and EU, hen we go towards Asia, we see that people who are habitual of smoking smoke so excessively that most of them are known as chain smokers. The moment they put off a cigarette, they light a new one instantly. Although it is not the case that people are not aware of the fact that smoking is injurious to health, they do know this, but the fact is that most of the people know only this much. By this we mean that the technicalities and the diseases related to smoking are mostly ignored by smokers who only know that it is injurious to health and they do not bother to take into account the seriousness of diseases that are caused by smoking. In this part of the paper we will discuss what the diseases that are caused by smoking (Kelder 2005). Before stating the harmful deceases that smoking causes first we need to realize hat there are around 4000 different chemicals that are used to make single cigarette. Some of the chemicals out of these 4000 and their function in daily life are listed below: Nicotine: It is a deadly poison Arsenic: this chemical is used in poisons for killing rats Ammonia: A chemical that is used to make Floor Cleaners Carbon Monoxide: this is one of the emissions from car exhausts Cadmium: a chemical used in daily use batteries Methane: a fuel component Butane: Used to fill lighters Now, a consumer good, that contains all of the above chemicals and goes inside the human directly, no wonder how deadly it would be for health. Smoking actually kills the air sacks in the lungs every time the smoke goes in. The more you smoke, the more your lungs are damaged because these air bags are limited in quantity and they are not produced again. Excessive smoking causes lungs to turn black because of the fact that tar that comes out of the smoke is deposited on the lungs which also blocks arteries that go to the blood. The heart and lungs both get weak and the stamina of a smoker is manifold lesser then a non smoker. Tar also gets deposited on teeth and mouth walls which causes infections and increases the chances of mouth cancer. The stains that are left on teeth damage the teeth and smokers have a high rate of getting dental cavities as compared to a non smoker. T. B and cancer are on of the most common and deadliest diseases that are found in excessive smokers. Cancer is a disease which cannot be cured in many parts of the world today. Even if it can, the treatment is so expensive and difficult, that a cancer patient looses all his fitness, his brain cells get damaged and the patient looses all signs of hair on the body (Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Health Committee 2000). Radiations and therapies have to be daily in order to remove cancer from the blood, however, studies show that once a patient gets cancer, it is very difficult to cure him. Moreover, a smoker has many times more chances of getting cancer then a non smoker. Studies show that out of all those who have lung cancer, 90% of them are smokers. Thus smoking not just only damages your health to a great extent, but, it also ensures that you also live way shorter then a normal non smoker human being. CSR assumed by Philip Morris According to news, Phillip Morris is intending to come up with a new advertising campaign which will be in line with the corporate social responsibility that is required by law makers and authorities for the company to assume. According to Phillip Morris this new advertising campaign will be the world’s largest campaign that will be in line with the corporate social responsibility with respect to tobacco marketing and the corporate world as well. In this marketing campaign, the company would not focus on the benefits of smoking and associating it with different icons in the leading sports and Media industry. Moreover, the company also intends to stop marketing campaigns which are directly promoting youth to consume cigarettes and also it intends to raise prices as required by authorities aim order to control the sale of cigarettes. These are responsibilities that the company should have assumed on its own rather then regulatory authorities imposing them on the company. CSR ignored by Marlboro in the current marketing campaigns. Marlboro along with many other tobacco brands has till date ignored there corporate social responsibility in order to discourage or at least not motivate new consumers to start smoking. Like all other consumer brands, Marlboro has also found to be promoting its brand and motivating consumers to start smoking Marlboro cigarettes as they are the leading brand in the world (Hilts 1996). For this purpose, Marlboro is using different techniques to capture different markets by differentiating its products with the need of the consumer in order to increase sales. However, it does not realizes the fact that the more the company promotes the sale of cigarettes, the more it plays with the consumers lives because it is a proven fact as discussed in the above discussion that smoking cigarettes is an activity that is seriously harmful for human health and excessive use can also be fatal in the form of Lung Cancer. Little information about ingredients on Packets As required by authorities, all Tobacco companies are required to print the ingredients that are used to make a cigarette from paper, to filter and the ingredients of tobacco as well. As discussed above the number of chemicals that are used in cigarette manufacturing is very large, thus the companies are require to at least print the most harmful ingredients of them all in order to provide full information to the consumers about the product that they are consuming. However, when we look at the packaging of Marlboro, none of the chemicals listed above are found in the ingredients section which is against their corporate social responsibility. Surveys suggest that a number of people will at least think of quitting or reduce smoking cigarettes if they find these ingredients on the packing. Controversy of Filters Marlboro along with all the other brands manufacturing cigarettes project to their consumers that the filters that are present at the tip of the cigarette actually prevent a large amount of tar from going into the lungs (Feldmen 2004). However, studies show that the filters only make the smoke smoother for throat and prevent only a small amount of tar from going inside, thus, they ma be taken as useless. The fact about the manufacturing of these filters is that they are made of ammonia which is used for cleaning floors and toilets in domestic use. Moreover, when the smoke goes into lungs after passing through these ammonia filters, they actually reutilize the vaporized fumes of nicotine in the lungs which increases the dosage of nicotine as much twice. Variations in the same brand In order to cater to all segments of the society, Marlboro has a portfolio of around 23 flavors which are designed for consumers of all backgrounds, mentality, tastes and gender. From light to hard, short to long, red to black, Ferrari packs to Marlboro slims for ladies, Marlboro tries to attract smokers from all segments of the society by showing them that Marlboro has all the reasons for them to smoke the cigarette of their choice. Surveys predict that the more the simple a company keeps its tobacco products, the lesser it will attract new smokers, but Marlboro is actually doing the opposite. People are given choices and motivations to smoke and this is one of the reasons why teenage smoking has been increasing drastically. Teenagers are immature enough to try all of the variants that are marketed by Marlboro because every variant offers them something different then the previous one. The roasted tobacco tastes different then the fascinating and attractive Ferrari pack. Marlboro doesn’t realizes the fact that it has to think that the way the number of teenage smokers are increasing due to its marketing campaigns, the count of people having cancer 20 years down the lane would triple the present count today. Exchange of Packs Campaign As far as marketing to that consumer who already smoke is concerned, Marlboro’s latest technique of making non Marlboro smokers to switch to Marlboro includes activities such exchanging packets of non-Marlboro smokers with a brand new special pack of Marlboro cigarettes so that they use Marlboro from then onwards. This activity not only promotes them to consume more cigarettes, but also, this activity requires the consumers to recommend more people about the taste of Marlboro (Michaels 2008). The representatives of the company do not at all inform the consumer about the harms that the consumption may cause to their health; rather, all they take about is the finest tobacco blends and the fresh new taste that Marlboro brings to them. Pricing Also as required by the law makers, Marlboro is required to increase its costs so that the sales of the product can be reduced as it is a demerit good which does not has any benefit of the consumer but it poses a cost to the society and the environment as a whole. However, Marlboro has not taken any such step in this regard; in fact, Marlboro along with many other brands is actually marketing its sale offers online at different forums and portals in order to increase its sells. The special packs that include a special lighter and a fabulous cigarette case are also one of the ways that Marlboro uses to attract more customers. Largest Sponsor of Formula 1 Marlboro is the largest spending sponsor of formula one as it is one of the most watched motor sport event on all sports and TV channels. People from around the world watch this event on television and online, thus Marlboro does not leaves any chance to let go this opportunity and spends heavy sums of money to sponsor the fastest cars like Ferrari and McLaren. The cars are all painted with the brand logo of Marlboro along with the crew which has Marlboro written on them from head to toe (Givel 2000). All across the track and the stadiums, Marlboro tries to fill out every bit of space available with its logo in order to reiterate its logo and brand in the consumers mind. Conclusion Funny as it may seem that many believe on the statement that governments might use smoking as a tool to control population growth in several countries. However, if we look at this matter closely, governments which are not taking serious actions on companies who are not assuming their corporate social responsibility are exactly doing what the statement suggests. The more their approach is lenient towards cigarettes and their marketing, the higher are the chances that the average life of the population will be low as the cases of cancer will grow rapidly and thus the population will reduce. Thus, governments and authorities should look up to this matter more loosely and seriously in order to stop or limit the marketing campaigns of cigarettes for the benefit of the society. Work Cited: Bianco, E (2003). Tobacco industry marketing strategies and women. Womens Health Journal Feldmen, E (2004). Unfiltered: Conflicts over Tobacco Policy and Public Health. Harvard University Press Givel, M (2000). The public health undermined: The tobacco industrys legacy in Missouri in the 1990s. Institute for Health Policy Studies, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Health Committee (2000). The Tobacco Industry and the Health Risks of Smoking: Report and Proceedings of the Committee v. 1 (House of Commons Papers). Stationary Office books Hilts, P (1996). Smokescreen: The Truth behind the Tobacco Industry Cover-Up. Addison Wesley Publishing Company Kelder, G (2005). The tobacco industry under fire. Trial Michaels, D (2008). Doubt is Their Product: How Industrys Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot Essay -- Papers

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was written by T.S. Eliot in 1917. When looking at the title, one can immediately assume that this poem is a love story or even an actual love song. Actually, after reading one will find a great struggle and in fact no love song will be sung. The poem begins with a short passage from Dante’s INFERNO. With this reference, it immediately gives an eerie feeling of something evil or possibly something related to the devil. Reading the translation of this passage though, it leads you into feelings of sympathy for the man. It concerns a man and his identity, much like the actual poem. This passage and its entire translation implies that in the poem Prufrock is only speaking because he is sure no one will stop and listen to him. Because we are reading the thoughts of the narrator in the first stanza the entire thing is very incoherent and it does not really make sense. As the poem progresses though, Prufrock continues to repeat ideas and phrases which brings a little more concreteness as to the path of the story. For instance, the usage of the phrase â€Å"you and I†. This line includes the reader into the poem, suggesting that by following along with him, one would better be able to understand his problems. The images of the opening lines portray a dreary neighborhood with cheap hotels and restaurants. This is where Prufrock calls home. He invites the reader along on his journey. Specifically, in line 12 he is making a visit somewhere. Immediately this conjures images of the places that he and the reader will go together. He gives ideas about occasions like an afternoon tea party where women talk about Michelangelo. The correlation betw... ...t his love to this woman. Many people have experienced situations in life where felt they wanted to speak out and speak up, but were fearful of the consequences therefore leaving nothing said at all. T. S. Eliot also was able to create a wide array of feelings for Prufrock. A more dominant feeling was that of sympathy for Prufrock. The great use of language encouraged the reader to want for Prufrock to sing to this woman. It involves the reader in the story. You feel as though you need to give him encouragement, or maybe a cheering section so he will go ahead and express himself to her. At the end of the story, I experienced anger towards this man because he put so much time and effort into planning his big approach, he completely quit. He decided that he would give up completely on this girl. Now he is old and does not have anyone to share his love with.

George MacDonalds The Princess and the Goblin :: MacDonald Princess Goblin essays

George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin All over the world people have believed in a race of creatures, superhuman and subhuman, that are not gods or ghosts, but differ from humans in their powers, properties, and attributes (Briggs, Vanishing 27). The concepts of these creatures/fairies have been passed down through generations in many cultures through forms such as songs, sayings, and stories. Stories such as folktales and myths have wide array of fairy types found in them from various cultures' folklores (Abrams 101). Little people (lesser spirits) are often considered a subclass of fairies and include creatures like gnomes, trolls, and goblins (Rose 200, South 329). George MacDonald in his myth novel, The Princess and the Goblin, draws from many folk sources to bring to life his underworld "goblins." These "goblins" are an amalgamation of various types of little people. MacDonald effectively brings together attributes of goblins, dwarfs and trolls, gnomes and kobolds, and brownies to create a narrative full of tension and humour. First, MacDonald's "goblins" once lived above ground as humans, but they chose refuge underground to avoid severe taxes placed on them by the king (MacDonald 3). Through time, these people were transformed into "goblins." This is similar to the common suggested origin of the little people as humans conquered by other races that now conceal themselves from their conquerors (South 334). The fairies are often said to have been Eve's children whom she hid from God because she was embarrassed by them; God was not deceived and decided that those children should be "hidden from all Mankind" forever (Briggs, Vanishing 31). These origins suggest that the creatures are half human, which is a common idea in Scandinavian tradition (Briggs, Vanishing 31). This human origin of the "goblins" suggests that they are one side of human nature. There is a tension between the "goblins" and the humans as they show different aspects of life and morality. Second, the goblins, dwarfs and trolls, gnomes and kobolds, and brownies are all small, but they are humanlike in form though often described as misshapen and grotesque, and except for brownies, they are also often described as being old with gray hair and beards (Rose 51, 93, 128, 316). MacDonald's "goblins" are dwarfed and hideous, and though they are not described as old looking, their cleverness is associated with this characteristic (MacDonald 4). The use of these common folklore images of little people creates creatures that can be imagined easily by the reader.

Hydroelectric in Philippines Essay

It is known to us that energy become more and more important to human beings. People can not live without energy. They use energy everywhere, but pew of them can give a clear definition of it. Because of people’s widely use, the energy on the earth reduces steadily, people are trying o find the energy which can be renewable. Energy is the thing which has the ability to work. It can be stored or be a poverty of an objects motion. It can move from one object to another, and defines the capacity of system to do work. Obviously, renewable energy is the energy which can be used over and over again, from natural sources. There are so many renewable energy people use nowadays. For example, they use solar energy, the wind and the hydro power. From year 1981 to 1991, renewable energy developed very fast, and the following text may concentrate on the hydro power. Hydro power is the energy driven by water turbine, People always use it to produce electricity. The falling water drives the turbines, and the turbines in turns to drive the generators. Then the generators translate the turbines’ mechanical energy into electricity. The hydrologic cycle produces neither atmospheric nor the normal pollution. Hydro power has been used since ancient time, and is can be used for grinding floor and performing other tasks. In 1878, the world’s first hydroelectric station was developed in NORTHUNLAND, and by 20th century, it become the largest part of renewable energy all over the world. Everything has two faces. Though the hydroelectric has a lot of advantages, for its low cost and low pollution, still it has some disadvantages. In some Asian countries, like Philippines and China, people can see the hydroelectric production clearly by year. There are some hydroelectric stations which are typical in these countries. Like the Bela in Philippines and the Three Gorges Dam in China. What’s more, we can also know something about the development of hydroelectric in these countries. The following text will give more details about the hydroelectric production, the hydroelectric stations and the future development of hydroelectric in Philippines and China. Body: â…  .Hydropower production by year Since the first Edison hydroelectric power plant begin to use in 1882, September 30th, (industry archive logy review, 1987), hydroelectric become fast developing. During 1981 to 1991, it developed very fast. It can be seen clearly that hydroelectric become more and more important in human’s daily life, and also they can see the trend of development of hydroelectric in Philippines and China. In Philippines, people can get the information directly from the line chart that there was a fluctuation in it. It produced about 3.8 billion KWH in 1980, and had a tiny increase reached at 4 billion. Then it fell back to 2 billion KWH in 1983 and raised again. It has risen steadily from year 1983 to year 1986, from 2 billion KWH to 6billion KWH. Things looked the same from then on, but the trend is increasing. By the year 2003, the production of hydroelectric power was more than 10 billion KWH. After that, it remained steadily, by the year 2010, the production of hydroelectric was 9.8 billion KWH. Hydroelectric in Philippines takes 19% of all electricity consumption and the rate constant for decades. (Bronuyn-W, 1998) However, in China, the hydroelectric production grows steadily. It has risen from 80 billion KWH in 1980 to more than 300 billion KWH in 2003. People can predict from the line chart that it will be a more and more part of energy in Chinese electric production. It takes about 49% of all the renewable energy in China. (World Institute, 2010) Hydroelectric is very important, not only in these two countries, but also all over the world. In Democracy Republic of Congo, Paraguay and Brazil, hydroelectric takes 85% of their electric. In the USA, more than 50% of electric comes from it. That means hydroelectric really plays an important role in people’s life. â… ¡.Examples of the hydro electric station For the reason that hydroelectric really take a great part in electric production, there are some hydroelectric plants which are typical in Philippines and China. In Philippines, the AGUS-â… ¡ station may be the earliest one. It located on Lanow del Sur. The operator of it is National Power Corp. It can produce 3*60 MW Francis and still it can be used though it was been built in 1979. The BELEA, which is the biggest one in Philippines is located on Negros Occidental. It has been built in 2008, and can produce 1*39 KW crossflow. The operator of the BELEA is WINROCK international-preview Negrs. In China, the Three Gorges Dam should not be missing. It began to built when in December 1994, and was finish in May 2006. It is expected to produce 18.2 billion pound watts, and it is the biggest hydroelectric station in China. In 2008, October, all the equipment in the Three Gorges Dam were put into use. Evidently, it dose solve the electric-short in eastern China. Another hydroelectric station in China which usually be ignored is call XIN’AN River Station. It was built in 1957 and finished in 1960. It is the first station China designed and built itself. It has been working for more than 50 years and it can produce 1.96 billion KWH per year. â… ¢ .The influence to Environment and People Everything has two sides, no exception for the hydroelectric station. As stated in the previous paragraph, the hydroelectric station has some bad effects. Generally, the disadvantages can be listed as follows. For the reason there are so many hydroelectric station on Changjiang river, there will take it for example. The most direct impact of cascade reservoirs is that continuity of river is break. Though it may make people have more place for cultivation, it may caused some endangered species died out. It will damage the habitat of the fish even the HUCHO BLEEKERI, a kind of rare fish has already died out. The disappearing of the species may affect the structure and balance of entire ecosystem. In some places, to build a reservoir will make the effiency of water utilization, anyway, the flood and low-flow process of ricers is weakered at the same time. Because of that, some species which live based on it may be damaged. The construction of large-soale will produce obvious impact on the habitat since reservoir impoundment. Because of the slow down speed of the rivers in reservoir area, the water receiving sewage ability and self-purification capacity will reduce. Besides, many floodplain is submerged by reservoir, it will cause the problem that may farmland will lose. The hydroelectric station also has the influence to the climate. It will impact on the temperature, the rain fall and so on. Moreover, it may induce geological such as earthquake and landslide. â… £ Future development of hydroelectric Though the hydroelectric stations have some bad effects, anyway people now are trying to develop it. It has several advantages. It has the low power cost. It is known to people that many plants can service for 50 to 100 years. It is much cheaper than fossil fuels. It can also reduce the CO2 emission which makes contribution to alleviate the green house effect. And it is suitable for industrial application and flexiable to use. What is more, it also provide facilities for water sports, and some plants even become tourist attractions themselves. In all, people are coming to realize the importance of hydroelectric. They have begun to try their best to develop it. It can be predicted that the hydroelectric will develop faster and faster, not only in Philippines or China, but also around the world.

5 Essential SAT Tips Sitting the Exam - ProofreadMyEssays Academic Blog

5 Essential SAT Tips Sitting the Exam - ProofreadMyEssays Academic Blog 5 Essential SAT Tips: Sitting the Exam The SAT was recently updated to reflect its ongoing importance to higher education in the US. And if you’re relying on a good SAT score for your college application, you need to prepare for when the day of the test arrives. Luckily, we’ve got a few SAT tips to help you optimize your exam performance. Photo: lecroitg/Wikimedia 1. Get in the (SAT) Zone Like any exam, sitting the SAT can be stressful. You should therefore do everything you can to make sure the test day is as stress-free as possible. This includes packing everything you need the night before so you don’t have to worry about it in the morning, as well as getting plenty of rest and eating a healthy breakfast. 2. Read Carefully and Pace Yourself When the exam begins, read all instructions and questions carefully; you don’t want to make mistakes simply because you misunderstood something on the test paper! Likewise, before setting to work, take a moment to consider how long you need to complete each part of the test. Pacing yourself will ensure you don’t run out of time before finishing. 3. Maximizing Test Efficiency There are a few things you can do to maximize your test score. The first is focusing on what you already know: prioritizing questions you feel confident about ensures you’ll pick up the most points possible, rather than getting stuck on a tricky problem elsewhere. You can then return to the other question afterwards. Even if you’re completely lost, the new SAT format doesn’t penalize wrong answers, so you can always guess! Moreover, if you’re unsure about a multiple choice question, eliminating wrong answers first will increase your chances of guessing correctly. 4. Look for Evidence The reading section of the new SAT puts more emphasis than before on justifying your answers. The â€Å"command of evidence† questions, for instance, require you to identify textual evidence in the set passages. Before you ask, not the CSI type of evidence. This includes using evidence to support your own answers, understanding how authors use evidence in their writing, and considering how data can be used to support an argument. 5. Double-Check! As proofreaders, we’re morally obliged to emphasize the importance of double-checking your work. When it comes to the SAT, you can usually gain a few extra marks simply by going back through your test booklet after you finish, correcting any errors or issues with clarity. This is also why time management is such a vital skill. If you plan effectively, you should have enough time left after finishing to make sure everything is completed to a high standard.

ESRM 101 Quiz 2 Essays

ESRM 101 Quiz 2 Essays ESRM 101 Quiz 2 Paper ESRM 101 Quiz 2 Paper Q1. List and describe one of the five Principles of Sustainability that you heard about in class. Why is the practice of sustainability so challenging to achieve? 1. Societies and environments are dynamic (decision today may not be relevant tomorrow)2. Sustainability is contingent on where you live.3. Complex problems lead to artificial decisions4. Bad choices are only revealed in the future5. A bad choice for one person may not be for someone else Hard to achieve because you need to be industrialized and have excess materials, otherwise being sustainable risks your own survival. Q2. How dynamic or stable are vegetative communities and the animals inhabiting these ecosystems at decadal to 1,000 year time scales? Depending on how you answered the first part of the question, how would you explain your answer? Use an example when answering this question. Very dymanic Unless they adapt or leave, they face extinctionex) climate, Florida shift from grassland to spruce and jack pine to hardwoods, black hills grasslands into forests Q3. Where do you find the largest intact contiguous areas of frontier forests today? Why do you think this pattern has emerged? Why do you think we need to know about where frontier forests are found today? Canada/Alaska, South America, Asia Areas that value forests and protecting biodiversity Q4. Why is a spider’s web a good analogy to describe sustainability? Many factors to include when making sustainable choices. If we ignore one, it affects the web as a whole. Q5. How do we recognize when we are making unsustainable choices? Do you have your own idea of how societies can make sustainable choices in resource consumption? Hard to recognize unsustainable choice until future, but generally occurs when we overconsume our own resources or take them from somewhere else. Best idea would be either to use less or find new more efficient ways. Q6. Why can two communities, located on the opposite sites of a river in the Amazon River Basin, have to make a different choice about selling their timber to international buyers? HINT: both communities need to be able to continue to harvest and sell trees from their forests in a sustainable manner. Community 1: sandy soil from river deposits long time to grow back=greater impact of lost resources COmmunity 2: clay soils due to the river holding more nutrients, allowing forest to grow back more quickly Q7. Why is it difficult to label ‘invasive species’ as being always BAD? Name a benefit and a negative of an invasive species (HINT: use the Kudzu as an example)? Where do invasives species come from? They provide communities resources (sometimes all the resources) Introduced by people living in industrialzed countries because they like something Benefits: Livestock eat it, stabilizes soil, chinese medicine, pretty and fragrant Negatives: spreads into undisturbed sites, grows over everything very quickly, reduces value of site Q8. When and from where was kudzu introduced to the US? What was the public view of this plant when it was first introduced to the US? What was the major original benefit of kudzu in the US? 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia; from Japan Public view: smelled good and had beautiful flowers; home owners loved the quick growth to cover areas for protection from sun Major benefit: great at erosion control Q9. Based on what you heard during the last two weeks, speculate how past civilizations able to satisfy the resource consumption demands of their societies? Mention a repercussion of past efforts to acquire resources. Collapsed when they over exploited their own resources and were unable to access new supplies. Repercussion: exploited someone elses resources and were able to continue to get new supplies to consume Q10. Based on what you have heard and your own background, speculate on how human societies make unsustainable choices on products that come from forests? Be creative. Our value for pretty, cool products trigger disturbances that degrade natural ecosystems (externalities of industrialization) Political objectives can lead to unhealthy ecosystems, leaving societies who depend on them unhealthy, also makes them more vulnerable to disturbances Q1. Describe the Human Development Index? How does it differ from the traditional approach to evaluate how well a country is developing its economy? Why is it being used by international organizations to rank countries? Groups countries by their social or human capital. Focuses on attention to social development potential, based on education, health, income, role of women Useful to compare patterns in resource consumption based on groups of people, improves health, and identifies why a country developed a particular way Q2. What is the relationship between the amount of forest cover a country has and its ranking as a high, medium or low human development index (HDI) country? Based on how you answered the first part of the question, which countries do you think the international communities are most interested in funding to retain their forest cover? Which countries are losing their forest cover most rapidly and can you speculate why? High: Low forest coverMedium: Highest forest coverLow: low forest cover (decreasing rapidly) International communities interested in funding the medium because they have the most frontier forests remaining. Low HDI countries are losing their forests rapidly because they are most dependent for survival Q3. Three sustainability myths were mentioned in class. Describe one of these myths and why you think it needs to be debunked. Highly developed countries are making more environmental choices: Iceland and hydropowerHigh population densitities make unsustainable choices: Japan and Holland making conscious choices (unlike India exact opposite) People in rural landscapes are not sustainable: consuming local resources kills biodiversity for food Q4. Historically, what have been the industrialized world or high HDI country myth of high population densities and our resource consumption decisions and practices? Use an example when answering this question. Why is this not a valid view? High HDI = unsustainable choices Wrong bc japan and Holland have high HDI but make good choices. Choice of how they consume resources, not how many people Q5. Define what it means to be an outlier? Why is it relevant to think about outliers when ranking resource consumption patterns? Are energy outliers more commonly found in the High HDI country group or in a Low HDI country group? Outlier: consuming more or less than a comparable group of people living under similar environmental and or climatic condiitons Patterrns: identify groups that need to decrease use of a resource, identify a group that can consume more Found more in high HDI countries bc they have they money to consume significantly higher amounts of energy compared to others Q6. What is the relationship between a countries HDI rank, how much of their forests are privately owned and how much wood they consume as part of their primary energy production? Based on what you know and heard in class, speculate whether you think a country can improve their HDI ranking if it has a HIGHER private ownership of forests? High: more under private (dont need wood for energy)Low: governments own most Can improve HDI ranking because if govt control there is not enough to be divided amongst all people who would have rights Q7. Present an example of how globalization of resource consumption and production can be linked to local conservation efforts? What is the take home message from your example? Use an example when answering this question. Globalization shifts suppliers to satisfy market demand ex) finland and china increase cutting in Russia to increase their forest protection without decreasing wood Take home message: decisions in an ecosystem contest Q8. Why is it easier for industrialized or high HDI countries to appear to be making more sustainable choices compared to many of the less industrialized or low HDI countries? Mention 2 factors that explain this. Less industrialized: less income, lots of people in rural areas, most people work in agriculture, no agriculture imports, budget spent on food, population is undernourished. High HDI: less in rural areas, work in industrial sectors, high import of agriculture, less money spent on food, healthy populations, fossil fuels for energy Q9. What is the dominant labor or employment opportunities available in industrialized versus developing countries? What do you think are the repercussions of these employment patterns on the ability of these countries to pursue their sustainable resource consumption goals? Industrialized: service transferring impacts, less apparant Developed: subsistence survivors, dependent on agriculture. Imacts readily seen. Impacts: less agriculture and forestry, more service industry, difficult to sustainably consume resources when most of labor force is in agriculture or forestry Q10. What is the general relationship between ‘pimples’ erupting on a human face and how we make decisions in forests? If we continue to treat symptoms of ‘forest change’, i.e., stop deforestation in the tropics, do you think that countries can increase their ranking in the human development index (HDI)? We treat the symptom instead of the causes We dont know a problem exists or where it will exist until it arises (on your face) NO, this index focuses on social development potential. Treating symptoms does not address underlying problems (ex: health, income) Deforestation is a symptom of other probelsm Q1. What is the medieval global warming? How did the medieval global warming impact England, the Amazon and also the Maya civilization?Why was Europe the ideal location to live during the medieval global warming period? From 800-1200 England flourished economically major period of explorationAmazon and mayan collapsed from droughts (unable to grow food, lacked sufficient fresh water) Europe ideal bc 4-5 centuries of good climate brought good harvests to Europe, Rise of European civilizations, could grow food for everyone Q2. In class it was mentioned that European settlers moving into the forest regions of the western Pacific Northwest US found it difficult to survive by collecting resources to eat or to hunt in these forests. What made it difficult for humans to survive in these coniferous forests? Biological deserts. No large animals that could be hunted for foods, only small mammals such as rodents or squirrels Q3. What is the analogy between a theater’s stage and soils? Stage: limits what actors can doSoils determine what supplies or resources available to maintain survival Q4. How easy is it for people living in the United States to make sustainable decisions and to survive compared to the global average? Explain your answer. Much easier bc and condiitons allow for food and resources to be aquired (only 14% desert) Ice rock and desert are bad for producing and are common elsewhere Q5. Define keystone species? In class you heard about a cold landscape that has several keystone species. What keystone species were found in this ecosystem and what are the implications of losing one of these keystone species from the ecosystem? Keystone species are species that all other animals eat to survive, their loss would have a major impact on the continued persistence of these ecosystems ex) crane flies and other insects and the brown lemming Loss leads to not enough food leading to extinction or migration Q6. Today, what 2 locations and forest types have the most areas of intact forests? What is the relationship between those locations where intact forest areas are found today and whether they were good locations for people to live and survive? Why do some regions of the world have large intact areas of forests today? South America (too hot and rainy)Russia (cold and the growing season is short, so no food production) Location of largest forests today are where it was difficult to find or grow food because of climate/soil conditions (hard to survive)Degraded forests were easy to collect resources and survive Q7. How did people and animals survive in regions with extremely cold winters? Are people healthy living in extremely cold climates? Animals: hibernate/migratePeople need to migrate or follow animal herds Q8. If you are living under the same climatic conditions, would you prefer living in grassland areas or in forests? Justify your answer? Forests because theyre more disturbed, have better climate, and more conducive to humans because animals arent domesticated or balanced/nutritious Q9. Define geophagy? Why does this practice occur? What is the element most missing from soils where geophagy occurs? Geophagy: Animals licking or eating soil to get the nutrients not in vegetation that they eat Leads to health problems because no sodium in soils Q10. Based on what you heard during this class, using the broad biome categories of ecosystems (e.g., forests, deserts, grasslands, tundra, etc) and using scientific rationales, identify a location in the world that you would not be able to live and explain why? Try to think of 2 reasons why you would not be able to live in an area. Desert and Tundra because you cant grow food and theres no water Desert: no WaterTundra: cant grow food in ice, difficult to stay warm. Animals migrate, and thats your food Q1. Who is given the credit for developing agriculture as we know it today? Was the early agriculture practiced using organic or intensive management practices? Explain your answer. Do you remember what happened to the civilization that invented agriculture? Sumerians (practiced year round agriculture)Intensive techniques: cultivation of land, monocropping organized irrigation, use of specialized labor force Sumerians died out after severe deforestation depleted their food sources Q2. What did the development of intensive agriculture allow early civilizations to accomplish that would not have been possible without this agriculture? Allowed civilizations to form in once please, instead of constantly having to migrate to find crops. Allowed much greater density of population to be supported by crops which also increased labor force and ability to expand Q3. If you see large trees growing in an area, does it mean that it is good for agriculture? How does a tree differ from an agricultural crop in what kind of conditions they grow well? What do these plants get from the soil? Not necessarily. Trees can live for a thousand years, whereas a crop grows very quickly. Trees thus wouldnt be as affected by one bad drought or something. Plants get nutrients such as iron and other minerals from the soil Q4. Can you cut down any forest and be able to get good agricultural land? Why No because some forests such as tropical forests have very little nutrition, so cutting down one of these forests would not provide good agricultural land because of lack of nutrition in the soil Q5. What is the petroleum link to agriculture? Modern agriculture is totally reliant on petroleum energy. ex) Haber Bosch fertilizer creation process. Natural gas is used because its the cheapest currently available source of hydrogen Q6. Why can we make the statement that what you eat is only as good as the soil that it grew in? Use an example to answer this question. We eat plants and animals, animals eat plants, eventually it all comes down to someone ate the plants, and the plants get nutrients from the soil Q7. What is the difference between dirt and soil? Why do we care Soil is a mixture of dirt and organic material from dead animals/plants and living organisms. We definitely want soil over dirt because it provides nutrients Q8. What is the major impact of conventional or intensive agriculture and organic farming on soils? How does organic farming attempt to mediate this change? Leaches nutrients out of the soil. Intensive agriculture speeds up the process. Organic uses pesticides that are not chemically made and also adds organic material to help plants grow Q9. Can you have too much organic matter in a soil? What happens when the organic matter increases in a soil to levels higher than what is normally found in the soil? Use an example when answering this question. Yes. When that happens, pH level is lowered and there is less oxygen and more CO2 as microorganisms feed off the organic material and breath in oxygen and exhale co2. Ex biosphere in AZ Q10. Describe terra preta soils? Why were these soils important in many tropical areas? Terra Preta is a black earthlike man made soil, with enhanced fertility. Loaded with nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium Importat in many tropical areas because tropical areas have poor soil with few nutrients whereas terra preta can be 3x as effective Q1. People living in tropical forests face several issues that impact their survival. Describe one characteristic that makes it particularly difficult for humans to survive in the tropical region. What is one of the most persistent problems faced by people living in tropical forests? Nutrient quality in soil, hot, river that floods seasonally Persistent problems: heat, floods Q2. What one single factor is unique to the tropical regions from other areas in the world? Why is it important to know this fact? It is very hot, at least 24 degrees celcius. important to know that because it is going up so we need to know how to deal with Q3. Discuss the reason presented in class for why plants and animals need to be highly adaptive to living in the wet tropical forests of the Amazon. Describe one adaptation used by plants and by animals to survive what you described for the first part of the question? How do these plant adaptations impact human survival in these forests? Floods: Need to learn some adaptation in case of flood (swimming, climbing, etc) One adaptation: many species and plants are posionous or have sharp horns, making it harder to survive because vegeration is either not edible or is poisonous Q4. Why was the practice of shifting agriculture developed in wet tropical forests? Define shifting agriculture and what is about this practice that allows people to grow food crops in the soils found here. Tropics have nutrient poor soils. They burn down trees, which puts more nutrients in the soil. However, it only lasts for 10-15 years, nutrients then used up and they need to move Q5. List and describe one of the fallacies for tropical forests that is held by people living in the industrialized countries? Do you see a problem with accepting any one of these fallacies as being true? -lush, highly productive-soil hasnt been impacted by human activities-plant diversity occurs naturally-Forest is fragile and can be degraded easily-No fires in wet tropics Believing these can lead to people doing something uncharacteristically which could lead to destruction of the tropics. Q6. In the Amazon region, what parts of the landscape are more suitable for people to survive and why? How diverse are the food options for people living in the areas that are more suitable for human survival? River (more than 80% live along it) because they can grow food crops Called riparian zones and have the most productive soils Q7. Discuss what is the role of cassava or manioc in the diet of indigenous communities living in the American, Asian and African tropics? How is cassava made into a food source? Discuss the trade-offs that local people make by eating cassava. They are the most widely eaten food in the Amazon and most of Africa. It is a starchy root containing cyanide compounds. In order to prepare it, it must be retted in a river. Retting it for 4-5 days allows fermentation to get rid of the cyanide Q8. What is the myth related to the pink dolphin in the Brazilian Amazon? Why do you think that they would develop these myths? Dolphins turn into handsome men and impregnate women of the tribes. Done to warn against outsiders, also because the pink dolphins were very strange. Why would you eat a cabybara (rodent) if you lived in the forests of the American tropics? Explain your answer. High in protein and there were limited sources of protein, especially if there was a flood or drought Q10. What two factors created problems when the first global Debt-for-Nature swap was established in Bolivia? Has the Debt-for-Nature swap improved the livelihoods of people living in the reserve or just outside of the reserve? No consideration of its impacts on local communities ability to provide for themselves Local communities not involved in setting boundaries or limis Hasnt improved livelihood of people living inside Q1. Why were community based forests established in the Nepal case study during the 1970s? Who owns these forests? What are the implications of who owns the forests? Define community forests when answering this question. Community based forests are forest user groups that manage forests for subsistence and commercial purposes In Nepal, 80% of people live in rural areas and depend on forests for subsistence, so they have a vested interest Government owns forests and gives communitis 5 year rights that they can reclaim at any time Q2. In Nepal, what is the primary subsistence material collected from forests? List another product also collected from these forests. Who is excluded from collecting forest materials in community forests? the primary subsistence material in Nepal is timber. They also collect fuelwood, grass, herbal medicines, pine resin. Women collect the products, indegeous groups excluded Q3. In the Nepal case study, what factor is driving the continued illegal selling of timber by forest user groups? Based on what you know, do you think giving land tenure to the community members will stop illegal selling of timber? The factor driving illegal sale of timber is its value. It i very valuable so people go in and cut down trees and sell the timber for a lot of money. Giving land tenure wouldnt decrease it (ex people still sell illegal drugs) All about the benjamins Q4. How have indigenous people unintentionally altered the forests of central Himalaya? Why has this change occurred? converted pine into oak because: pine was bad for livestock, high risk of soil erosion bc of the fires, and oak trees provide more water in streams Q5. Describe one benefit local people derive from having Banj oak growing in their forests in central Himalaya? Describe one reason why pine species are not the preferred tree species for people living in central Himalaya? Local people benefit from oak growing in their forest because cattle can eat oak leaves but not pine, less probelm with erosion because oak forests are denser, and believe that oak forests allow more water to get into the rivers Q6. What caused local peasants to lose their traditional user rights to forests in the central Himalaya? Did the local peasants accept this change? Indian forest act 1878. Local peasants didnt accept it: we cant have it and neither can you so they burnt it down Q7. What is the Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary fuelwood policy and what is driving this policy? Discuss the social contracts that fuel wood has for villagers living in the Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary? Is the policy compatible with the community social contracts for wood? Policy: local people cant cut down trees, only collect dead pieces from the ground.Social contracts: everyone in the family has to get wood to contribute Local people think its compatible by the government does not Q8. Is the Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary area a pristine environment since its abandonment? Explain your answer. How do villagers living in the Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary make money? What is their main subsistence mode? No. Tons of tourism. They make money by selling souvenirs, and the train is a tourist magnet Q9. What did the natural environment look like in Iceland when the first settlers arrived more than 1,000 years ago? What does the Icelandic landscape look like today? Iceland has been totally transformed from massive desertification. From 65-75% cover to 25% upon the arrival of settlers 1000 years ago. Today, ICeland has only 1% forest cover and grasslands have been heavily degraded due to large numbers of sheep and other animals grazing Q10. What caused the changes in the natural environment in Iceland? Why did the birch forests and willow disappear from Iceland? Why is it a problem if Iceland loses its birch forests? Desertification. Occured as Iceland was deforested to build ships. Once settlers left, sheep were free to graze and eat birch and willow. Birch forests were very populous and also tasty to sheep, so their loss is huge. Q1. How was the landscape of the once lush Loess Plateau converted into a barren unfertile land? How has this degradation affected the local communities? Overexploited the land and killed nutrients in the soil. Rain and no vegetation led to soil in the river, leading to the people going poverty, stuck on subsistence living. Q2. How does the yellow river get its name and why do some call it China’s Sorrow? How did the restoration change the River? Yellow because muddy. WHen muddy, seen as an omen for bad things to come. Clear means good stuff ahead. Restoration kept water form going quickly into stream and carrying soot into it Q3. How do restoration projects benefit climate change? More vegetation slowed the rate at which water entered the stream as well as takes carbon out of the air, countering greenhouse effects Q4. Why were the local people of the Loess Plateau hesitant to restoration project? Howdid the Chinese government convince them? Didnt see the benefit as they wanted the land to farm The chinese government paid them off to not farm that land and keep their animals chained up Q5. What caused the famine in Ethiopia? What did the farmers do to that restored theirfood? In what other way was there community benefited? Drought they now retain water in the fields to irrigate Q6. According to Professor Legesse Negash, How does the restoration restore streamswhere flash floods used to occur? What is the most important thing for Africa to dofor the environment and their people? Streams stayed because of vegetation cover, but when deforested, streams dry up. So restoration of forests also stops sreams from drying up Q7. In Rwanda, what did the local community do when their land was no longer fertile fromover farming? How did this affect neighboring communities like Kigali? They moved into protected areas, which damaged the ecosystem Dried out wetlands in Kigali, so they couldnt get energy from hydrology Q8. What are the environmental and monetary repercussions of the diesel generators inKigali? Is this still a problem? Explain your answer. Have to pay 65,000 plus to keep energy generators going Not a problem anymore because people cant pay it

Free Essays on Introduction To MCCs

1. Introduction Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are significant rain-producing weather systems for the central United States during the warm season (April-September). Additionally, MCSs produce a brad range of severe convective weather systems that are potentially damaging and dangerous (Jirak et. al. 2003). MCSs account for approximately 30-70 percent of the warm season precipitation over much of the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. Although some of this rain can be helpful for agricultural use, many times heavy rainfall associated with MCSs cause flash floods (Moore et. al. 2003). Even though the importance of MCSs is well understood, there is much left to learn about the growth and development of these systems. One approach that has been used to study MCSs involves classifying the systems and analyzing the differences among the categories. This paper is going to look at some of those different categories. The author is going to discuss the definition of the systems and look at some severe weather that the systems cause. 2. Classifications a. MCCs and PECS The definition for these systems was created by Maddox (1980) and is shown in table one. The definition was based on physical characteristics from enhanced, infrared satellite imager. There has been a minor modification to the definition that Maddox first developed. Augustine and Howard (1988) removed the MCCs. There are four stages of an MCC, which are genesis, development, mature, and dissipation. In the genesis stage, individual thunderstorms develop within a region where conditions are favorable for convection. Topography and localized heat sources may play a role in initial storm development (Maddox 1980). The thunderstorms often produce significant severe weather during this stage such as tornadoes, hail, and... Free Essays on Introduction To MCC's Free Essays on Introduction To MCC's 1. Introduction Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs) are significant rain-producing weather systems for the central United States during the warm season (April-September). Additionally, MCSs produce a brad range of severe convective weather systems that are potentially damaging and dangerous (Jirak et. al. 2003). MCSs account for approximately 30-70 percent of the warm season precipitation over much of the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. Although some of this rain can be helpful for agricultural use, many times heavy rainfall associated with MCSs cause flash floods (Moore et. al. 2003). Even though the importance of MCSs is well understood, there is much left to learn about the growth and development of these systems. One approach that has been used to study MCSs involves classifying the systems and analyzing the differences among the categories. This paper is going to look at some of those different categories. The author is going to discuss the definition of the systems and look at some severe weather that the systems cause. 2. Classifications a. MCCs and PECS The definition for these systems was created by Maddox (1980) and is shown in table one. The definition was based on physical characteristics from enhanced, infrared satellite imager. There has been a minor modification to the definition that Maddox first developed. Augustine and Howard (1988) removed the MCCs. There are four stages of an MCC, which are genesis, development, mature, and dissipation. In the genesis stage, individual thunderstorms develop within a region where conditions are favorable for convection. Topography and localized heat sources may play a role in initial storm development (Maddox 1980). The thunderstorms often produce significant severe weather during this stage such as tornadoes, hail, and...

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Target Market for Points.com- One card - Research Paper Example The above represent loyalty programs that grant purchasers additional value. Evidently, point credit assists customer to obtain addition value from the organizations (Marketing donut, 2011). Understanding the market and consumer prospects of Point.com will require an initial analysis of what the organization entails. Point.Com fundamentally seeks to consolidate mileage allowance of its clientele. Therefore, an individual seeking to benefit from the service of this organization requires to launch an account with the organization. Evidently, the organization target individuals that receive mileage rewards. Consequently, this organization endeavour to consolidate the different mileage that their clientele receive. Additionally, the entity target individual with inability to track their rewards. Therefore, Point.com manages its clientele’s rewards. Additionally, ensuring that the clientele accomplish elite status consequently, earning better rewards. Point.com also converts rewar ds to point and finally to monetary value, which the customer can cash. Notably, Point.coms’ clientele pay certain charges for the management of their accounts with the organization and conversion of the rewards and mileage (Uncles & Dowling, 1997). Point.com has a specific target market, which is constituted by the clientele of airlines and hotels. It is exigent to estimate the target market since it encompasses clientele of the service industry firms. However, accomplishment of Point.com’s objective to dominate the market depends on its capacity to manage the clientele’s rewards. Ultimately, the firm has the compulsory resources to dominate the loyalty management sector since it is not capital intensive. Acquiring a substantial market proportion will require considerable time duration since the industry is expanding gradually. Additionally, the entity does not possess a robust marketing program. The above smart analysis reveals that Point.com

The Impacts and Roles of Canada in China-Japan Row Research Paper

The Impacts and Roles of Canada in China-Japan Row - Research Paper Example The purchase put the full control over the island on Japan. However, with politics at play, China has showed an interest over the island again claiming that the island rightfully belongs to them, an argument that Japan is not willing to listen to according to Zhao (2012). In fact, pundit argue that the two countries may end up engaging in of the deadliest fights after the World War II if nothing is not done to ease the tension between the two neighboring countries. As a result, Canada is one of the countries that have been proposed to negotiate a cease-fire between these two countries at war, following the fact that Canada is not seen to have any inclination both economically or politically with the two nations. This paper will explore the tension brewing up between China and Japan and the involvement of Canada on the issue. China and Japan are two economic giants in the Asian region and the world at large. These two neighboring countries had had close relation between each other for a very long time until recently in 2010 when an issue arose between the two nations over uninhabited island. Initially the issue appeared very little that it did not attract much attention of the international community until recently when a war of words and military surveillance began over the island. In this regard, Chinese warships and airplanes have been surveying the island over the past few years with a view to taking it away from Japan. However, Japan has always maintained its position that the island has traditionally and rightfully belongs to them, and any attempt by Chinese government to take the island will be met with the strongest force possible, a statement, which has signaled that war is in the offing (Tanaka, 2013). The tension has indeed affected the strong bilateral trade between these two countries since the beginning of the tension. Bloomberg News (2013) reported that some discontented Chinese consumers have been boycotting Japanese products in protest over the island. This scenario has led to a sharp fall in Japanese autos sales in China, something that is negatively affected the economy of Japan, taking into consideration the fact that China has been one of its biggest auto market in the world. In fact, Japan has not yet recovered from such a huge decline in sales in Chinese market witnessed in the recent past. Bloomberg News (2013) reveals that many Chinese factories have shifted their loyalty to South Korean component suppliers. At the same time, China has also experienced a significant decline in the export market due to the tension between it and Japan. This has become costly for the Japanese government since China has been its long time largest export market. Bloomberg News (2013) reveals that currently the U.S. has overtaken China as the largest export market for the Japanese products. Bloomberg News (2013) also noted that as China continue with its territorial claim over the island, the bilateral trade between the two countries, w hich tripled from 2000 to over $300 billion, is likely to decline significantly. The latest flare-ups had been reverberated by Xi Jiping of the Chinese Communist Party when he criticized the move by Kunioki Kurihara, a Japanese developer to sell three of the disputed islands to the Japanese government for just $23 million, calling this a farce according to Bloomberg News (2013). The dispute between the two nations is reported to have resulted in a decline, in Japanese growth, by about one percent. Meyer (2011) argues that this percentage decline has the potential of keeping the economy in recession up to September this year. The fall out is also projected to have caused a

Persuasive Writing Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Writing Essay The next type of writing we will do is the persuasive essay. In this essay, you will be working to convince your reader of the rightness of your point of view on a specific topic. As I have already said, in some ways every type of writing is a form of persuasion: you are always trying to make your reader see the correctness of your opinion. In this assignment, however, you will stake out your position on a particular topic and argue forcefully and explicitly in favor of it. As always, you want to state your opinion explicitly in your thesis statement (of course, without saying, â€Å"I think that. . . .†). As always, you also want to pick a topic that is fairly focused, narrow, and specific: pick a topic that you can adequately discuss in four to five paragraphs. I will say it again: it is always better to say a lot about a small topic than to try to say a little bit about many aspects of a large topic. (For those who are counting, that is the 3,248th time I have said that this year.) Use the first paragraph to state and fully explain your thesis. The rest of your essay should then be the marshalling of evidence in support of your thesis statement and an explanation of and commentary on your evidence. Facts are necessary to support your thesis, but by themselves facts are not enough. You need to explain and comment on them fully; show how these facts support your view and not the view of the opposing side. Try to find three or four really strong pieces of evidence to support your opinion. There is no way you can say everything or think of every point; choose the strongest evidence you can. While arguing in favor of your position, you should also include arguments against the opposing view. For example, if I am writing about the wrongness of capital punishment, I should also include arguments showing the wrongness of arguments made in favor capital punishment. Try to anticipate the other side’s arguments. That will show you are thinking and will also strengthen your argument. In general, it is best to work from your weakest to your strongest argument. As usual, conclusions are difficult. End with a strong, powerful concluding paragraph that brings together your various ideas but does not merely restate them. Certainly do not end by saying something like, â€Å"For all these reasons . . . .† I have listed below a few sample thesis statements and a number of possible topics. Please do not be  limited by my suggestions. As with any piece of writing, you will do the best job if you write about something you care about. I will give you a sample essay. Your essay should be 1-2 pages typed or 4-5 sides handwritten, double-spaced either way. The essay is due Tuesday, 30 January. It is worth 100 points. We will work on the essay in class; you can always show me drafts. Do your best. SAMPLE TOPICS the dress code (or, better yet, some more significant and meaningful issue at school!) your allowance or curfew or some other family issue gun control, abortion, capital punishment (or any other political issue) your view on dating or relationships advocating for a particular religious or spiritual practice: for example, meditate everyday the need for more late-night activities for teenagers the war in Iraq of course, anything else you feel strongly about SAMPLE THESIS STATEMENTS Limiting civil liberties is not an appropriate way to keep this country safe from terrorism. Capital punishment is an unjust and immoral way to punish criminals. A vegetarian diet is a sensible and meaningful response to world starvation and environmental destruction. The dress code provides a meaningful way to minimize the economic competition between students and unite them in their common academic purpose. A vegetarian diet is a sensible and meaningful response to world starvation and environmental destruction. So many Americans are often caught up with finding the â€Å"perfect† diet. While such a diet does not exist, a vegetarian diet provides significant health, environmental, and political benefits. Choosing such a diet is a simple but significant way to make a real difference in one’s own life and the world. First of all, a vegetarian diet is far more healthful than the traditional  American diet that emphasizes meat. A meat-free diet is higher in fiber, lower in saturated fat, and richer in a wide range of vitamins and minerals than a meat-based one. While we do hear conflicting evidence about the various health claims of different diets, nutritionists and scientists seem to agree that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables provides the greatest health benefits. Some people might say that a vegetarian diet is boring: quite the contrary. Compared to the relatively few kinds of meats and ways to prepare them, there are scores of vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes and almost countless ways to prepare them. A meat-based diet also puts far too much protein into the body, taxing the kidneys and wasting expensive food. As it is, Americans eat too much protein; eating a vegetarian diet is one way to reduce our intake of excessive and expensive protein. Eating a diet based on fruits and vegetables also creates less environmental havoc than a meat-based diet. Raising the animals necessary for the traditional meat-laden diet requires large amounts of land, mountains of processed feed, and the disposal of tons of waste. But a family of four could, if necessary, live for a year off the fruits, grains, and vegetables produced from a few acres of land. And, once the crop is taken, there are few or no ill effects. If the agriculture is done organically, vegetarian eating has even fewer harmful effects upon the land. In an age of diminishing arable land and resources and increasing populations, we need to find ways to get the most nutrition from our land use. A vegetarian diet provides such efficiency. Finally, a meat-rich diet consumes many more scarce resources than a vegetarian diet. It takes about 800 pounds of cattle feed to produce one pound of beef. In a world in which nearly one-fourth of the planet’s population is malnourished or starving, a meat-based diet is simply a luxury we can no longer afford (if we ever could have). In good conscience, it only makes sense to eat lower on the food chain – as we do with a plant-based diet. If everyone in the world ate a vegetarian diet, there would be an immediate surplus of food available to feed people at far lower cost and with wiser use of precious resources. In this way, vegetarianism becomes a moral choice. For reasons of politics, environment, health, and justice, vegetarianism is the only intelligent and compassionate choice in a world of scarce resources and increasing population. It may take some getting used to, but the benefits and rewards of a vegetarian diet – for the planet, the self, and the human race – far outweigh whatever minimal sacrifice may be involved. sentence in bold: thesis statement underlined sentences: topic sentences for each paragraph

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is a huge factor in most traditional religions, some of which include the Africans, Native Americans, many parts of Asia, as well as other cultures. Although the definition of a shaman differs from one region to the next, the general dictionary definition of a shaman is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events. The term shaman originated in the Mongol and Turkish area and is translated literally as one who knows which connects to their knowledge of the ways to manipulate spirits and magic. With Shamanism being involved in so many different cultures, its difficult to give it just one definition, so in this paper I will go through a few of the cultures and explain their specific definition of shamanism and the different aspects involved in African traditional religions. African Shamanism There are many different aspects to African shamanism. The main definition of shamanism in Africa has a good connotation and usually involves manipulation of spirits or earthly substances to heal, direct, or do beneficial work for others. Some of the specific names of these shamans are rainmakers or heaven herders, herbalists or medicine men, and diviners. Not all people use their sources for good works, and when a shaman begins using his or her techniques for evil doings, they then acquire the name of witch or sorcerer. Such is the case in most other cultures as well. There are two distinctive traditional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have many similarities as well as differences. The Zulu stick mostly to the hills because of their geographical location, and in turn consider hills to have spiritual significance. Because hills have such special meaning, the Zulu build their towns, or kraals, on the hillsides in a circular formation with the gates facing east (do to significance of the sun), the herd in the center of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane has a lot of influence on the tribe. He holds the political, social and religious leader roles over the whole tribe, and is often a diviner. The headman of each Zulu kraal is the chief official of the village and also that person most directly responsible for the performance of the ritual acts expected of all Zulu, especially those that address the ancestors.  [1]  Besides solving disputes or making decisions within his kraal, one of the umnumzanes main roles is contact with the ancestors. He will perform all the rituals and such things to please the ancestors for everyone within his kraal. The ancestors play a huge part in Zulu beliefs and so the role of the umnumzane is very important. The people want to keep the ancestors happy so that they will continue to have good fortune in their lives. According to most African traditional religions, the ancestors do not cause misfortune, but other people do. The authority system is quite similar in the Yoruba tribes. Their political, social and religious leader is one and the same, but rather than having a settlement on a hillside where the rituals involve all of the community under one leader, the religious obligations are put on the head of the family, or the olori ebi, and that person does the communication with the ancestors, and keeps them happy and such. Each family has its own shrine. The community still gets together as a whole to perform religious ceremonies, but it is more focused on the family. Divination is used to determine solutions to problems, to depict reasons of misfortune, or even to predict the future. In the Zulu culture, diviners must be called by means of a dream or vision that is followed by aches, pains, or other bodily dysfunctions. Anyone can become a diviner, although typically women occupy the position. Once called, the person will need to be trained by an experienced diviner. The Yoruba are a bit different with their diviner. They have a priestly cast, and one part of the caste called the Orunmila specifically use divination practices to contact one particular god for answers. Like the Zulu though, the one that will become a diviner will go through extensive training from an experienced diviner. Diviners in both circumstances have many means of doing their work. They can use elements such as water, fire, bones, sticks, etc. to find their answers, and with these objects, they have created means of interpreting the signs from each. In some circumstances, the diviners will allow themselves to be in a trance that allows them to communicate with the spirits, or even be possessed by the spirits in order to find the answers for their clients, but typically the diviners are the ones manipulating the spirits and getting their knowledge rather than being used by the spirits. Once people have determined what their problem is from the diviner, they then go to a herbalist for a remedy. Herbalists could easily be translated to doctors and serve the same role in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were trained to know well which herbs or remedies worked for the different circumstances. Part of the traditional religions is that spirits live in many of the nature elements, and so herbalists used this theology in their works as well. They would use certain plants or locations because of the spiritual elements involved, and would manipulate the spirits in such a way to cure their client. Whereas most diviners are women, most herbalists are men. Knowledge of medicine is usually handed down from father to son.  [2]  Along with the passed on knowledge, herbalists were always open to new information. This includes realistic information, as well as spiritual insights. Another form of spirit manipulation in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or heaven herders. Heaven herders are always men, and have to be called in some way by the Sky God. Their job is to control where storms and such go. They are said to be disciples of the Sky God, as well as a medium between the people and the Sky God. With cattle and agriculture being a huge part of the Zulu culture, it makes sense that the sky is handled as cattle are, and that the weather needs to be controlled for the sake of those who own raise crops to feed the people. The Yoruba hold no such position, although they do also worship a similar god with their priestly cast. They (diviners) are not the only supernaturally inspired helpers people turn to for advice. Many consuld mediums who communicate with spirits while in a trance. Some may be possessed only once or twice in their lifetime, but others claim to be in regular contact with one or more familiars that they can identify by name.  [3]  The Yoruba called these people elegun. Among the Zulu, only the diviner could do such, but the with the Yoruba, anyone could be used as a medium; they did not need to be a diviner. The Yoruba also have people that are called the egungun. The egungun are masked dancers that perform for the ancestors. They have special masks that are connected spiritually to the ancestors and are said to have great power. Only men are allowed to be egungun, with the exception of one woman, who is the director or dresser. One has to earn the title of egungun by going through a certain process. While most of those positions are very open to the public and or the good of the community, some people misuse their abilities. Such people are called witches or sorcerers. Since the peoples believe that the spirits do not cause any harm, all bad things are supposedly a result from witches and sorcerers. According to the Zulu, someone could be a witch without realizing it. Their very presence would bring misfortune to those around them. In most cases though, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that use their talents for evil. They twist the system from using their powers mischievously. They work secretively, and usually only at nights. Although trying to differentiate between witches and sorcerers is difficult, there are a few small means of differing them. Sorcerers tend to work alone where as witches will gather together at night and work as a team. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is the ability to shape-shift. There one story of sorcerer luring a woman to fall in love with him. He offered to marry her, and on their trip back to his village the stopped for the night. During the night he transformed into a lion in order to eat her. Luckily for her, her brother did not trust the man and followed them, and proceeded to protect his sister from being eaten. Other stories tell of sorcerers taking on the form of an owl for means of escaping their house silently and unknowingly. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is their ability to use the undead. They can kill a person using their black magic, and then use the persons dead body for their own use. Witches are most often depicted as using voodoo, charms and curses. Voodoo involves acquiring a part of someone, such as a hair, nail, or something of the sort, and it is added to a certain object that the witch makes. The part of the person connects them to the witches object, and the witch is able to toy with the person in this way. Charms could be an object that has been chanted over and charged with magic. A charm could be a piece of paper with a chant written on it that could be worn, or a charm could simply be a chant itself used in moments of needed protection or other. Most often, people would get charms to protect themselves from witches curses. The last main thing that witches use is curses. Curses, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a worry of average people for longer than history can tell. Often it is a chant said with emotion over a person to bring misfortune on them. They can be spoken in an unknown language, which is said to have more impact on th e target. Native American Shamanism Native American shamanism is similar in a lot of ways, as well as different in a lot of ways. Shamans are viewed in a good way, where their work is for the better of the community. Each nation had spiritual leaders and healers each one had different beliefs of what practices were done. The Lakota believed that their spiritual leaders were in constant communication with Wakan Tanka or The Great Spirit. Their role was to seek spiritual enlightenment and secure the tribes good graces with the spirit world. They were healers of the mind and body.  [4]  They have healers-which is the same idea as herbalists-diviners, and mediators, as well as witchcraft. Native Americans have strong ties with animals though. To the Native Americans, the medicine men are not so much magical in their works, but they are knowledgeable people who have a greater understanding and like to think. Their natural abilities make them suitable to be medicine men. Medicine men more frequently appeared in tribes that were able to be open and exchange thoughts and knowledge with other tribes. Most often fathers would pass down knowledge to their sons and so the title stayed within the family that way. The Native American divination practices differed from that of the Africans. They often used stars, and things of nature to determine the answers that were sought. Sometimes they would use a pipe, and the answers would come through their opened mind from the smoke. They still used divination in the same way as the Africans, so use the spirits to find answers for their clients. Witchcraft, although not the technical title, in the Native American tribes had a much different feel though. Rather than voodoo and curses, the Native American bad shamans worked with charms and animals. The charms again were certain made objects that had been charged with power, and were used to protect the person from evil and misfortune. The Native Americans had an interesting relationship with animals. A power animal protects you physically and provides you with emotional support, wisdom, and vital energy. Some people think a power animal is a spirit being that stays with you because it cares for you and enjoys being able to experience life in a physical body. Others think a power animal is a symbol for ones subconscious wisdom. Almost everybody has a power animal; some have several. (Perhaps you had an invisible animal friend as a child or have always been fascinated with a particular kind of animal. This animal may be your power animal.) A person may in the course of life lose contact with the power animal, thereby losing the animals protection, wisdom, and energy. If you lose contact with your power animal, you may feel dispirited, you may become sick easily, or you may be accident-prone. The shamanic healing technique of power animal retrieval can restore a persons connection to a power animal. A person can also journey to find his or her own power animal.  [5]  With this emphasis on animals, often the bad shamans could be connected shape-shifters that caused issues. The main evil in Native American beliefs was evil spirits. With a belief in the ancestor spirits and animism, the Native Americans had to always keep all the spirits happy, and misfortune was often cause by spirits, thus the need for protective charms and shared power of animal spirits. Conclusion Despite having minimal contact between these 2 cultures, it is surprising that they share such similar roles. On the other hand, this shows the nature of humans over all with paranoia of spirits and bad luck, as well as the respect for ancestors. Shamanism is a big part of both cultures, and has many different aspects to it.